https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/self-efficacy-desirability-feasibility-propensity-bernard/
Bandura, one of the most famous American
psychologists, is in the foundation of the socio-cognitivist current. His
theory places the individual at the heart of a triad of interactions between
cognitive, behavioral and contextual factors. In this context, the social
subjects are at the same time the producers and the products of their
environment. The sociocognitive approach also called the cognitive social
psychology "is based on the postulate in which cognition is social, with
the sense where the entire production process - of knowledge is intrinsically,
inevitably and deeply social" (Lauriol, 1996, p. 5).
Bandura (1992) showed that not only the
sense of competence but also the belief to be able to implement a target
behavior, constitute a powerful attitude which leads to human decision making
and it then introduced the concept of sels-efficacity.
The self-efficacy is the sense of its own
competence that is meaning the belief which we can make something of specific
(Bandura, 1997.2001). It is the faith of a subject in its own capacity to
effectively achieve certain activities and responsibilities (Chen and al.,
1998; Markman and Baron, 2001). It is also the conviction one’s individual has
about itself to be able to organize and to carry out the actions necessary to
the achievement of a goal. (Bandura,1997, quoted by Karsenti, Larose, 2001).
The concept of self-efficacy (like that of locus of internal control concept),
is also a crucial variable for the process of Resilience.
In 1994, Boydet Vozikis proposed the idea
that the self-efficacy plays a significant role in the development of the
intentions and of the entrepreneurial actions. The same year Krueger &
Brrazeal (1994) proposed the idea that the self-efficacy makes it possible to
consider the entrepreneurial potential. If we more precisely examine the works,
which were thus undertaken to study the role that the self-efficacy in the
study of Entrepreneuriat can play, the results were the following:
the self-efficacy is a determining
cognitive variable in the evaluation of the entrepreneurial behavior (Levander
and Racuia, 2001)
the self -efficacy is fundamental to
begin entrepreneurial activities (Markman and Baron, 2001);
The entrepreneurial self-efficacy is the
perception of the confidence of the entrepreneurs in themselves in their own
entrepreneurial capacities, before they are laid out to launch out in the
business (Bandura, 1986). The perception of the self-efficacy is an essential
antecedent of perceived opportunity (Krueger and Dickson, 1994).
The individuals having a high feelling of
self-efficacy regard the situations as realizable opportunities,( Bandura
2001).The entrepreneurs compared to the not-entrepreneurs have a strong feeling
of control of their future (Brockhaus, 1982); the concept of entrepreneurial
optimism is related to the belief in the efficacy (Krueger and Dickson, 1994;
Krueger and Brazeal, 1994).
The people who have a weak FPE (feeling of
personal efficacy) in a particular field, avoid the difficult tasks that they
perceive like threatening. They express low levels of aspiration and an
implication reduced compared to the goals which they chose to reach. Confronted
with difficulties, these people stumble on their potential personal failures,
the obstacles and the negative consequences of their acts rather than to
concentrate on the way of getting a more satisfactory result. They tend to
decrease their efforts and are discouraged quickly face to the difficulties.
They are slower to find their sense of the efficacy after a failure. They
consider an unsatisfactory result as the mark of a deficiency of aptitude and
the least failure are likely to start their own conviction in their capacities.
The plurality of these characteristics minimizes the achievement
appropriatenesses and exposes the individual to the stress and the depression.
The question of the feeling of self- efficacy is thus in this form a
determining factor, for an individual who wants to give again a new dash with
his life. On the contrary, a high FPE reinforces the needs for achievement and
the personal wellness in several (many) ways.
The people with a strong insurance
concerning their capacities in a particular field regard the difficulties as
challenges to take up rather than like threats to be avoided. These individuals
set stimulative goals and maintain a strong commitment to reach them. They
increase and maintain their efforts face to the difficulties and thus quickly
recover their direction of the effectiveness after a failure or a delay. The
failure is regarded as due to insufficient efforts or a lack of knowledge or
know-how which can be acquired. The threatening situations are approximate here
with insurance, because the individuals estimate to exert a control on those.
This whole of characteristics of sel-efficacy supports the personal
achievements reduced the stress and the vulnerability. There we join precisely
the problems of Impact strength. The resilient people forged their feeling of
personal effectiveness through the tests and develop precisely, the capacity to
preserve the course to achieve the fundamental goals, without never slackening
their attention, even if sometimes moments of discouragement can be felt.
This work highlights that to have a feeling
of self-efficacy the recognition of opportunities in the entrepreneur supports.
The choice to create will be done according to three elements:
perceptions of desirability
They represent the degree of personal
attraction to create its company. The beliefs of desirability are double.
They understand the beliefs relating to the
consequences of the creation of a company on the one hand and the beliefs
relating to social environment on the other hand (Ajzen, 1991, Shapero and
Sokol, 1982); the notion of the desirability is very interesting for the issue
of resilience, because indeed it is perfectly articulated with the reconquest
of self esteem.
perceptions of feasibility
They reflect the degree of the individual’s
belief in the fact that it is personally able to create an organization.
propensity to act
Shapero conceives "propensity to
act" like a personal provision to act according to its own decisions.
Thus, propensity to act reflects the component deliberated on the intention.
Conceptually, this propensity depends on perceptions of control of the consequences
of its behavior on the environment and the context. This concept which is at
the heart of the intention also seems likely to nourish the reconstruction
process, that requires new talents acquired by the resilient entrepreneur, who
lived heavy situations.
A character as Steve Jobs incarnates this
concept perfectly.
